Business Research and EthicsPitfalls in Research Methodology

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research and Ethics for Pitfalls in Research Methodology. Answer: Introduction This proposal will focus to prepare a complete research proposal including the questionnaire to conduct a survey in order to figure out the best possible population on which the test can be applied successfully. The bid under which the organization is working is of top priority as the future of the earth and humanity is depending on this research. It is highly important that this research will choose the right population on which the vaccination test can be conducted. However, the time is limited; therefore, the chances are low that the questionnaires will be distributed among a vast population to find out a proper data and responses. Therefore, in-depth questions are not selected for the questionnaire. The questionnaire will include direct options for the participants so that they can provide suggestions about the population on which the test will be applied. The questionnaire will include options such as High-security prisons, Asylums, cancer hospital where the numbers of incurable patients are high, facilities where the number of severely physically challenged people is high and on the people who are already affected by the virus (Perrodeau et al. 2016). However, this virus will not only provide immunity from the virus but will also help to cure the affected persons. Therefore, it is also important to choose a population that will include different types of people like people from different culture, religion, background and age. This will give a clear idea that the antidote will work on each human being, disregarding their age, eating behavior and family background. Research Questions What will be the best population for conducting the test for the antidote? How the process of injecting antidote will be carried out? How big should the population be to understand whether the antidote has a positive effect or negative effect? How to minimize the after effects of the side effects that comes from the antidote, if any? Research Objectives The objective of the research is to find out the best diverse population that will include all types of people on which the test of the developed antidote will be conducted to find out whether there will be any major side effects or not. Literature Review Experiments on Prisoners According to Hornblum (2013), the best population for doing any medical test or experiment is high-security prisons where the world's most dangerous criminals are held captive. (Beauchamp et al. 2014) mentioned that, it is true that each human being has his own rights. However, he also mentioned that whenever a human being infringes on the rights on another such murder, and then they forfeit their own claims to those rights. The human beings are then condemned to different levels of punishment based on the law. Therefore, the Government can test any medicines or specific tests on the prisoners to find out its usefulness. However, Voigtlnder and Voth (2015) stated that doing researches on prisoners is a bad idea not because of moral, ethical and legal arguments but also for the reason that it includes some scientific issues too. He also mentioned that it is not possible to standardize or control the medical history of the prisoners, and there is no way to look out correlations between genes and diseases. Therefore, the chances are high that conducting research on prisoners might not cultivate expected results. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, as examined by Fred D. Grey was a medical study conducted in Tuskegee, (Alabama Paul and Brookes 2015). The objective of the study was to find out the effects of second stage syphilis and then to sporadically perform exams on these men to find out any possible solution to those side effects. During this study, the African-American men were told that they would receive treatment for "bad blood." However, those men never received penicillin that was considered as the most effective solution of Syphilis. After 40 years of experiment, the story broke out and the existing participants file a lawsuit against the doctors and the Government that helped the project financially (Davis et al. 2012). The lawsuit was lead by Fred D. Gray, who helped the remaining participants to win it and receive $10 million. Nazi Experiments During WWII During the period of World War II, German doctors conducted several medical experiments on prisoners and even normal people. The infamous Dr. Josef wanted to multiply German race quickly and he conducted research on 1,000 pairs of twins (Voigtlnder and Voth 2015). The experiment was conducted on the prisoners of Auschwitz. Another Nazi doctor named as Dr. Kurt injected the bacteria of tuberculosis into the lungs of the people at Neugamme Concentration Camp. This caused at least 200 deaths at that time. Phosgene Gas was used during the time of World War II. The Nazi doctors used the prisoners of 52 concentration camp in order to find out an antidote of that gas so that German soldiers can survive it (Voigtlnder and Voth 2015). In another attempt to make their soldiers more powerful, the Nazi doctors tried to remove joints and limbs from a person with a goal to transplant in another person. This experiment again failed tremendously and many prisoners died. Research Design and Methodology Research design and Methodology is an important part of this research as absolutely perfect and proper methodology must be used so that the result can be accurate and applicable. Research Design According to Mackey and Gass (2015), research design is known as the most important part of a research methodology. This part decides and finds out the way by which the study would be conducted. Three research designs are commonly used in research methodologies that are exploratory, explanatory and descriptive (Fletcher 2016). The exploratory research design is used in those researches where the problem of the research is not described at the first place. Explanatory research is used when ones provision of focus clarifies the issue and challenges of research (Lancaste 2012). On the other hand, descriptive research design provides options to build a proper aim and objective in research. In this research design, the presence of clear aim and objective helps to understand the necessity of the research. Justification: In this research, it is essential to follow the descriptive research design. The exploratory research design is not applicable in this research as the issue or problem related to the research is already known. In order to find out the best population in which the antidote test will be conducted, it will be important to develop an aim and objective that is relevant to the study (Sahu 2013). Then based on those aims and objectives, the further research will be conducted. This is the reason that descriptive design would be best for this research. Data Collection Method Data collection method is a fundamental part of a research work as the method of data collection decides the effectiveness and usefulness of the research outcome. Mostly two types of data collection methods are used in research works that are primary data and secondary data. According to Dul and Hak (2012), the primary data helps to collect fresh information as it is gathered from a targeted population. Secondary data strictly depends on the data and results of previous research works and theories. For this research, it is recommended that primary data collection method should be used. Justification: This research aims to find out a population on which the test can be done to know whether the antidote will cause any major side effect or not. In this case, it is not possible to collect data from secondary researches as no research was done on this topic before (Azhdarzadeh et al. 2015). However, some other researches were done where research organizations conducted an accurate medical test on a particular population (Snyder 2012). Data can be collected from there to get an idea which will help the doctors to choose a proper population. However, the current scenario is entirely different and ethical considerations will not affect the decisions at all. Therefore, the most important part is to collect the information from the existing population (Nasta et al. 2016). That is the reason that primary data collection method must be used in this study. Qualitative or Quantitative Qualitative and Quantitative data collection methods are two sections of primary data collection method. While doing research, either qualitative or quantitative methods can be used. In some cases, both the methods can be used to collect data (Crouch and Pearce 2012). Qualitative data collection method allows collecting data by conducting interviews with either the higher authorities or an organization or with a person who has ample amount of knowledge on the research topic. On the other hand, quantitative data collection method entirely depends on survey questionnaires which are distributed among a particular population in order to collect their responses (Crowther and Lancaster 2012). For this research, it would be better to follow quantitative data collection method. In the current scenario, it would be almost impossible to collect data from the scientists and doctors who have conducted some similar research in the past. Therefore, it would be better to receive responses from a particular population to evaluate and find out what would the best population to conduct this research (Mackenzie 2012). Sampling Size and Technique The size of sampling and technique refers to the efficiency and neutrality of the research outcome. Mostly two types of sampling methods are used in researches, which are probability sampling and non-probability sampling. According to Short et al. (2012), probability sampling comes from surveys which are done by distributing questionnaires among a huge population of an area. On the other hand, non-probability sampling is collected from interviews. In most of the researches, probability data is collected via the quantitative method as this provides neutral and un-biased data (Zink 2012). Besides, the non-probability sampling method is considered as biased data collection method as it is collected from the persons who are directly connected with the industry on which the research is conducted. Justification: This research is a sensitive study and it is highly important to figure out accurate data so that an appropriate population can be found in the research. If the data is collected from the doctors and scientists, the chances are high that they will recommend the places where they carried out their researches. Those areas might not be perfect for the current test. Besides, being from the same industry, it is also possible that they will provide similar names which will not allow receiving ample amount of options (Wiek and Lang 2016). On the other hand, if the probability-sampling method is used, then from the participants, the chances are high that several numbers of options will be collected which will allow to evaluate all the locations and decide which is the best for the research (Sessler and Imrey 2015). Survey Questionnaires In order to collect data from the participants, it is necessary to develop a survey questionnaire (Chaawla and Sondhi 2012). For this particular research, a survey questionnaire is built that is mentioned below, Which Age Bracket do you Belong to? 20-2 30-35 40-45 One of the objectives to collect data through survey questionnaire is to collect as much diverse data as possible. Variable data comes from different people who have different experiences in their lives. Therefore, it is important to collect the responses based on the age of the participants. Do you Think anti-dote Should be Applied Without Testing it on a Human? Yes No Cannot say The time of applying this anti-dote is tiny. It is measured that within 12 months the human race will be wiped out. Therefore, some people are thinking to use the anti-dote without testing it on humans. However, it will be unethical and risky if the anti-dote is applied without finding out if there is any side effect or not. It will save the human race but will put it under trouble that is more severe. Do you think Testing Should be done only on Virus-Affected People? Yes No Cannot say As mentioned in objectives, it is important to decide the number of people on whom the anti-dote will be applied. Normally, the people who are affected with the virus should be eligible for this test. However, the amount is very low and to find out the negative effects of the anti-dote it is important to test the anti-dote on bigger population. Therefore, it is essential to ask this question to the participants. If the testing procedure is done on people who are not affected by the virus in order to find out probable side effect, then what should be that group of people? Criminals of high-security prisons Mentally disorder people of asylum with no chance to recover Cancer patients with no chance to recover Physically handicapped people In this research, the place of ethics is almost nil as the goal is to save the human race anyhow. Therefore, sacrifice can be made in order to find out the effectiveness of the anti-dote. However, it still a matter of discussion that which population must be selected for the test. From the literature review it is clear that prisoners do not have any rights and in the past, they were used several times as research subjects. Therefore, they are the primary contender for this test. However, some other options are also added that includes the people who will either die in the future or are unable to feel the meaning existence. Should the Testing be done based on the age, Culture and Race of the people? Yes No. Cannot say The goal of the test is to find out the side effects of the anti-dote. Side effect depends on age and immunity power of people. While age increases, immunity power decreases. Therefore, it is necessary to test the vaccine on people from different ages to find out whether people of all ages are safe from side effects or not. What should be done if a Minor side Effect is found Among the Test Subjects after the Vaccination? Take the chance and spread the anti-dote around the world Try to improve it as soon as possible Cannot say Another question that might arise is what should be done in the case of any aside effect arises. The time is little for making any enhancement in the anti-dote. However, this decision also depends on the severity of the side effect. If the side effect is too dangerous, then there is no point of using it. Also, the people will decide the level of severity. That is why this question is also necessary to ask in the end. Research Analysis This research will follow the univariate analysis model in order to achieve the research objectives. This model of analysis focuses on the dispersion and central dependency to identify the significance of the responses. Validity and Reliability This research work will be significantly valid and reliable based on its purpose. The collected data will reflect the responses of the participants that will be unbiased and true (Liamputtong 2016). It can be said that the result of this research will be truly helpful to meet the aim and objective of the research which is to find out an appropriate population to test the antidote manufactured by the organization in order to prevent the disease spread by the aliens. Research Limitation As a result of the disease, most of the earth's population is wiped out, and the people are living under chaos. The chances are low that this research will get frequent participants unless organizations come forward communicate with the people to make them understand the seriousness of this research. The biggest limitation would be the current mental condition of the people. Survival is the ultimate need of people, therefore; it can be assumed that people will be agreed with the research and will give this project a green signal without thinking the future. Therefore, it is expected that the responses would be biased and will depend on the need of survival. Summary In the end, it can be said from this research the company that made the antidote will gain a huge support while selecting the population on which the test might take place. The company is concerned that whether they should apply the vaccine without testing it on the people or not. The chances are high that the anti-work would work but because of the side effects in the future, the existence of the company would be at stake. Therefore, a future concern related to the business is working. Besides, a small chance is also there that the anti-dot will not work at all and will cause more harm than any good. Therefore, the company was thinking to test the antidote to find out whether it will serve the purpose or not. This research will allow the organization to gain both the information. They will know whether the people are ready to experience the minor consequences that might affect them after taking the vaccine or not. Besides, they will also understand, based on the responses and collec ted data that which population or group of people will help them to understand the effect of the vaccine. References Azhdarzadeh, M., Saei, A.A., Sharifi, S., Hajipour, M.J., Alkilany, A.M., Sharifzadeh, M., Ramazani, F., Laurent, S., Mashaghi, A. and Mahmoudi, M., 2015. Nanotoxicology: advances and pitfalls in research methodology.Nanomedicine,10(18), pp.2931-2952. Beauchamp, T.L., 2014. 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