Deep Blue vs. Kasparov essays

Deep Blue vs. Kasparov essays Garry Kasparov was born in Baku, the capital of the Russian republic Azerbaidzhan. At a very young age, it was clear that Garry was going to be a world famous champion chess player. Garry became the USSR Junior Champion at age 13, an International Grandmaster at 17, and the second strongest player in the world while still a teenager 19. In November 1985, Kasparov became the youngest World Champion in history. He was 22 years old. For the next 14 years, Kasparov would dominate the game like no other competitor before him. Within that 14-year span, Kasparov wrote many books and promoted the Kasparov Foundation as well as the Kasparov International Chess Academy. It is believed that Kasparovs dominance came from his ability to switch strategies in the middle of a match; critics attribute this skill as being the main reason why Kasparov beat Deep Blue in the first match. However, the rematch between Kasparov and Deep Blue would yield different end results, for the IBM team could study Garys moves and prepare future counter moves. In 1989, IBM hired 5 young programming and computer experts to research and develop a complex computer capable of testing the skills of the best chess players in the world. The result of 8 years of research and development was a processor that was capable of examining and evaluating nearly 3,000 moves per second. These were the capabilities of Deep Blue in the first match with Kasparov. After Kasparov successfully beat Deep Blue in the first meeting, IBMs researchers, led by Murray Campbell went back to the drawing board and greatly improved Deep Blues processing capability. The new Deep Blue that was to challenge Kasparov to a rematch was now capable of calculating 200,000,000 moves per second. To put that number into perspective, Garry Kasparov, can calculate approximately three positions per second. Additionally, to Deep Blues advantage, ...

Gender of Nouns in Spanish

Gender of Nouns in Spanish Just as maleness or femaleness is an inherent characteristic of most animals, so is gender an inherent characteristic of nouns in Spanish. With only a few exceptions, mostly those of occupations such as dentista, the gender of nouns doesnt change with the context, and a nouns gender determines the form of many adjectives that describe it. Key Takeaways: Spanish Noun Gender Nouns in Spanish can be classified as masculine or feminine. Adjectives and articles referring to a particular noun must have the same gender as the noun.Most nouns keep their gender regardless of the context in which they are used, so there are some masculine nouns that are used for things we may think of as feminine and vice versa.Although there are exceptions, nearly all nouns ending in -o are masculine and most nouns ending in -a are feminine. Grammatical Gender Not Tied to Biological Gender Although Spanish nouns are classified as either feminine or masculine, remember that there can be feminine nouns that describe things we think of as masculine, and vice versa. For example, una jirafa, which is feminine in form, refers to a giraffe whether its male or female, and persona (a feminine noun meaning person) can refer to men as well as women. For some, it might be easier to think of masculine and feminine as simply two classifications rather than giving them a sexual identity. Unlike German and some other Indo-European languages, Spanish has no neuter nouns, although there are uses for the gender as explained below The basic rule is that masculine nouns go with masculine adjectives and articles, and feminine nouns go with feminine adjectives and articles. (In English, the articles are a, an and the. Also note that in Spanish many adjectives dont have separate masculine and feminine forms.) And if you use a pronoun to refer to a masculine noun, you use a masculine pronoun; feminine pronouns refer to feminine nouns. Nouns and adjectives that end in -o (or -os for plurals) generally are masculine, and nouns and adjectives that end in -a (or -as for plurals) generally are feminine, although there are exceptions. For example, cada dà ­a means each day. Dà ­a (day) is a masculine noun; cada (each) can be either feminine or masculine. Since you cant always tell by looking at a noun or knowing its meaning whether its masculine or feminine, most dictionaries use notations (f or m) to indicate the gender. And its common in vocabulary lists to precede words with an el for masculine words and a la for feminine words. (El and la both mean the.) Here are examples that show some of the ways a nouns gender affects the usage of other words. the man: el hombre (masculine article, masculine noun)the woman: la mujer (feminine article, feminine noun)a man: un hombre (masculine article, masculine noun)a woman: una mujer (feminine article, feminine noun)the men: los hombres (masculine article, masculine noun)the women: las mujeres (feminine article, feminine noun)the fat man: el hombre gordo (masculine adjective, masculine noun)the fat woman: la mujer gorda (feminine adjective, feminine noun)some men: unos hombres (masculine determiner, masculine noun)some women: unas mujeres (feminine determiner, feminine noun)He is fat: Él es gordo. (masculine pronoun, masculine adjective)She is fat: Ella es gorda. (feminine pronoun, feminine adjective) If you have two or more nouns that are being described by a single adjective, and they are of mixed genders, the masculine adjective is used. El carro es caro, the car is expensive (masculine noun and adjective).La bicicleta es cara, the bicycle is expensive (feminine noun and adjective).El carro y la bicicleta son caros, the car and the bicycle are expensive (masculine and feminine nouns described by a masculine adjective). Using the Neuter Gender Although Spanish has a neuter gender, it isnt used for words listed in the dictionary as nouns.The neuter is used in two circumstances: A handful of neuter pronouns such as ello are used under limited circumstances as the equivalent of it, this, or that. Such pronouns dont refer to things whose names have gender, however, but rather to concepts or ideas.The neuter definite article lo can be placed before an adjective to create a phrase that functions as a neuter abstract noun. For example, lo difà ­cil can mean the difficult thing or that which is difficult.