Intrercultural communication - group case study Research Paper

Intrercultural correspondence - bunch contextual investigation - Research Paper Example The practices and correspondence of individuals are to a great extent dictated by the way of life they have learnt or have become used to and which they get their reality sees from. At the point when societies are confronting difficulties as the ones being looked by the Chinese and Americans as far as culture, hindrances to correspondence, for example, generalizations, segregation, ethnocentrism and preference are probably going to occur and these may cause strife (Martin and Nakayama 55). For this situation subsequently, Americans with their candid nature are probably going to view the Chinese as powerless on the grounds that they will in general lean towards quietude side and this generalization may prompt separation and particularly concerning administration positions (Crossan 3). The Americans utilizing this generalization and on the grounds that they see their way of life just like the better one than the various societies, assume control over the force and will in general need to settle on all the choices which thus influence correspondence designs in the association. On the off chance that this is occurring in China where most of the American organizations have moved to, at that point the Chinese are probably going to fight back adversely and this thusly just influences the business and its destinations of looking for benefits. Quietude and candor are about language, its parts, the recognition it makes, the mentalities it prompts with regards to correspondence just as its variety in correspondence styles (Martin and Nakayama 140). The Americans apply their candor when making business bargains. They use humor more frequently than the Chinese do and furthermore will in general use slang and other casual language particularly in inner correspondence. This regularly will in general make a demeanor and impression of transparency and representatives being considerably more loose in the work environment. At the point when the representatives are anyway used to quietude with all its quietness and conventions, they may discover the receptiveness upsetting and this may even influence their work execution. They trust in

Al-Qaeda In Iraq

Al-qaeda is an Arabic word likewise composed as Al-qaida. It is a system of global union of Islamic activist gathering. Abdullah Yusuf Azzam who was later supplanted by Osama receptacle Laden shaped the association in 1988. Other veteran Arabs from Afghanistan joined the initiative after the soviet war in Afghanistan. Al-qaeda arrange progresses Islamic fundamentalism via completing assaults and disturbing western nations impacts to the Islamic states. Al-qaeda funds and prepares different radical Islamic gatherings that restrict western nations philosophies particularly the United States of America and Britain.Al-qaeda gatherings or system have different operational bases in excess of fifty nations on the planet. Al-qaeda utilizes power, terrorizing and imparting trepidation to accomplish their objectives. They do demonstrations of psychological oppression (a demonstration or a danger against non military personnel life) planned for achieving political, efficient and strict objectiv es. Al-qaeda targets finishing outside impact in Islamic states by making another Islamic caliphate or authority. The Al-qaeda arrange is dynamic in nations like Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. History of al-qaedaAl-qaeda was established in the late 1980’s as a union of Islamic local army bunch with a point of growing Islamic fundamentalism. Al-qaeda has it roots during the Afghanistan’s soviet occupations. Hostile to Muslim afghan guerillas (mujahidin), the afghan government and soviet powers were engaged with the contention. The Soviet intrusion started the afghan obstruction. The Afghan government was upheld by the USA, China and Saudi Arabia. Mujahidin originated from the Middle East to Afghanistan to help their kindred Muslims in the war. Osama receptacle loaded was the principle agent he began enlisting Muslims around the globe to join the group.The enrolled armed force in there thousands crushed the soviet powers making them pulled back from Afghan istan. Osama canister loaded later established an association that could help veterans of Afghans war; this included the bases of Al-qaeda. (Biri A. 2001). Container loaded and other radical Islamic scholars around then had been sorting out Al-qaeda in the Iraq attack to Kuwait in 1990. The Saudi government had permitted the United States government to station an army installation in Saudi Arabia. This was silly to Laden and the extreme gathering. Osama was later removed from Saudi Arabia by restricting the government.Al-qaeda premise moved from Saudi Arabia to Khartoum in Sudan, their first undertaking against the enthusiasm of the United States of America was in Somalia where they assaulted the U. S armed force during the Somalia emergency. Further assaults executed by al-qaeda followed. In august 1996 canister loaded gave a â€Å"declaration of war† against the U. S. An Al-qaeda and radical Islamic gathering had cooperated to union in their demonstrations of fear mongering against western impact on Islamic interests. Osama moved his base from Sudan to Afghanistan in 1994 after the U. S had squeezed the Khartoum government to oust him.Osama joined the Talibans in Saudi Arabia where al-qaeda built up army installations in mountains. In Iraq the primary target of the Al-qaeda association is the administering of Iraq. After president Sadaam Hussein was brought down from power by the U. S. A who sent a great many soldiers to help in setting up the legislature in Iraq. Al-qaeda was against the US intrusion of Iraq. As per the U. S government, Al-qaeda needed to be viewed as a real political association in Iraq. Al-qaeda in Iraq is made out of the two Sunni Iraq individuals in addition to other outside individuals who wage jihad or sacred war.This bunch was shaped in 2004, however it isn't clear, who established it in Iraq between Bin Laden and Nusab Al Zarqawi. The gathering had been a power behind the savagery and common war between the Shiites and Sunnis . They blame the US government for killing guiltless regular people in their â€Å"war on terror†. The Al-Qaeda has been behind numerous assaults in Iraq against the U. S government interests. Revolt in Iraq is as yet proceeding up to now. Individuals from the gathering had moved to different bases where they engineer self destruction bomb assaults. Other military associations had joined Al-Qaeda in Iraq in their activities.Abu Musab al-zarqawi from Jordan had subsidiary with Al-qaeda in Iraq. He joined the Al-qaeda in Iraq and undermined the U. S government over its enthusiasm for Iraq. The gathering had slaughtered numerous U. S armed force staff and they are accepted to have slaughtered conventional Iraq regular people. The gathering keeps on prompting brutality in Iraq in spite of the U. S government endeavors on war on fear by president Bush organization. Al-qaeda is against the U. S intrusion of Iraq. Individuals from the fear monger bunch had completed numerous self de struction assaults, seizing and in any event, shooting their apparent adversary. The authority of al-qaedaThe administration of Al-qaeda in Iraq, as indicated by certain sources from Jihad’s was put under Abu Ayyub Al Masri in 2006. This is following the demise of its previous pioneer Musab Al Zarqawi. Al Masri is considered as lacking great military association that he depends on his scholarly capacities (Hajez M. 2007 p. 136-147). Al-qaeda in Iraq is made out of the two Sunni Iraq individuals and the jihads (outsiders who came to help in Jihad war). Osama receptacle Laden is the top dynamic pioneer of the Al-qaeda gathering. The administration facilitates with others gatherings; Al-qaeda gathering of jihad in Iraq, Al-qaeda in place that is known for the two streams in addition to others.Through the official explanation of the U. S government, Abu Musab Al Zarqawi structures the top initiative answerable for the rebellion in Iraq. It is accepted that the authority sorts out and plans assaults on regular folks and U. S troops. It is additionally accepted that the initiative of Al-Qaeda in Iraq makes other outside fear based oppressor and senior Al-Qaeda administration. The U. S organization accepts that Abu-Musab Al Zarqawi was not an Iraq even his replacement Abu Ayyub Al Masri. The administration of Al-queda is decentralized.There is joint effort between Al-qaeda senior pioneers and Al-qaeda pioneers in Iraq. The leader’s job is to fund, order, exhortation, and make bombs remembering others jobs for the gathering. The administration likewise gives clever information’s and encourages its activities. They have their previous headquarter in Fallujah in Iraq. Different tasks they have played out: The al qaeda has guaranteed obligation of the chlorine bombings in Iraq in mosques. The gathering likewise is focusing on riches individuals by grabbing and executing their relatives when they neglect to dispatch ‘protection’ fee.They are additionally impelling viciousness by causing disdain among the Shiites and Shia gatherings to cause common war. What were the objectives of the activities? Al-qaeda works in Iraq however it is restricted in the expansive Middle East. They play effectively in the Iraq rebellion. Their delegate chief, Ayman alzawahiri, in July 2005 through a letter demonstrated four plans in growing the war in Iraq. They were to oust US powers out of Iraq and an Islamic position set up. Different missions were to spread the Iraq struggle to their neighbors and battle with Israel.Al-qaeda in Iraq (AOQ) made an association called mujahidee shura committee in January 2006. This was to join the Sunni extremists in Iraq. Nonetheless, this endeavor flopped because of the strategies they utilized against regular people and their extraordinary fundamentalists tenets. Alqaeda is the most dreaded association; specialists see it as a foe of the US. Al-qaeda is related with terrorist’s exercises in Ir aq that objectives universal powers and regular folks. The US government holds that they have an all-inclusive system to different pieces of the world particularly the Islamic states despite the fact that there activities are situated in Iraq.In 2005, Al-qaeda is accepted to be liable for about in excess of 1800 assaults in Mosul city in Iraq; they were focusing on Iraq powers and alliance government. They use bombs and different explosives in their self destruction assaults. They fundamentally focused on Iraq security powers, Shiite militaries and the US troops. The gathering was answerable for the executing of 35 youngsters and seven grown-ups in Baghdad in September 2004. The bombs were aimed at the US powers. Around the same time on December 19, they had bombarded a Shiite burial service parade killing around 60. Their assaults were focused on Iraq security powers, regular citizens and the Iraq government.In 2005 they completed and co-facilitated self destruction assaults includ ing the Sheraton Ishtar and Palestine lodging in Baghdad during the Iraq races. (Napoleni L. 2005) They guaranteed obligation of executing of Ihab Al-Sherif an Egyptian emissary to Iraq; they additionally murdered numerous jobless Shiite laborers in Baghdad. They had stole and executed American warriors. In 2006, a significant number of the top initiative were caught and slaughtered by US armed force. They had continued with their assault, for example, the 23rd March 2007, death endeavors of the Iraq delegate Prime Minister Salam al-zaubai a Sunni.They had guaranteed obligation of the Iraq parliament besieging in April 12 2007. The execution of the three US power officers in May that year. Exercises of Al â€qaeda in Iraq, have gotten negative exposure because of assaults and terrorizing against the civilian’s making it need neighborhood support. The Sunni state armies had surrendered them and joined the administration and US powers. A considerable lot of their pioneers hav e been caught and executed making their exercises disabled. The Al-qaeda had been engaged with different tasks outside Iraq; in April 2004 they guaranteed duty of the synthetic bomb plot in Jordan.They had likewise focused on Israel in December 2005 by terminating rockets from Lebanon. They are additionally involved with 2006 train bombarding plot in Germany. What were the objectives of the tasks? Al-qaeda in Iraq had a point of ousting all the U. S fighters and their associated powers. In July2005, top Al-qaeda initiative had asked that the whole US fighter to pull back from Iraq. They had threatened to

14 Fun Things Couples Should Do Together

14 Fun Things Couples Should Do Together February 03, 2020 More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse When the kids arent around, its easy to want to sit and do nothing for a break. But your marriage can easily fall into a rut if you and your spouse dont take advantage of those stolen moments with each other. Balance your children and married life with fun things couples should do together right now to strengthen your bond with each other. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell   Plan a Date Night Together Parents always welcome a spontaneous date night. But in the downtime between those spontaneous breaks away from your routine, plan a complete date night together. Date nights dont have to be expensive to be fun either. Plan a cheap date night that gets you both out of the house without having to analyze your family budget. Exercise Together Many of the workouts that are best for women are also good exercises for men. Team up and exercise together. Not only will you two get to spend time together, but youll also get in better shape. Cook Together You know the old saying, The couple that cooks together stays together, right? Well, break out the measuring cups and cookbook to spice things up in the kitchen. At least one night a month, you and your spouse should wait to eat dinner until the kids go to bed. Then, cook your meal together and enjoy a nice quiet dinner for just the two of you. Can you get out of the house? Take a cooking class together to learn some new recipes and cooking techniques. Redecorate Together Make a change! Pick a room to redecorate together. It could be a room that needs to be organized and a makeover is a great motivation. Or, it could be a room your family uses often and you just want to freshen up the look. Decorating the perfect room isnt about being a master interior designer. Its about the time you and your spouse spend together while working on something your whole family will enjoy. Dance Together May I have this dance? Play those old records (if you still have them) or put on your favorite mp3s. Ask your spouse for a dance in the kitchen. Or, take your moves out on the town and hit the dance clubs. Blog Together You and your spouse are a great team. Try something different and blog together. Brainstorm for topics you two would enjoy co-blogging about, from your common interests to a she said/he said type of blog. Then, work together to come up with a blog design, pick a template, and start blogging. Read a Book Together Curl up on the couch or in bed and read a book together. Read out loud or read together quietly. Start your own private book club for the two of you. Discuss the books youre reading over coffee or your favorite meal. Relax Together Most guys wont jump at the chance to spend their free time at a spa. But, you can convince them to have an at-home spa day where you both relax while spending time together. If hes still not into a spa day, turn on some relaxing music, dim the lights and get cozy on the couch with each other to simply unwind. Create a Spa-Tastic Way to Relax and Let Go of Stress at Home Take up New Hobbies Together He loves video games and you would rather be scrapbooking. Find common ground and look for hobbies you would enjoy together. There could be a simple connection between your hobbies, such as birdwatching on a nature walk. He modifies his love of hunting to spying through binoculars and you take pictures of the birds you find for a special scrapbook. Play Games Together You probably play your fair share of Candyland and Chutes and Ladders throughout the day. Save some game time for your spouse. Whether youre hitting the Xbox together or sitting down for some face-to-face time with the best card and board games, games can be a great stress reliever, present you with plenty of moments to laugh, and test your competitive spirit. Game on! Watch TV and Movies Together Sure, you watch TV and movies together. Its one of the simplest activities you can do at the end of another long day of kid raising. But, be sure its just the two of you in the room. No gadgets. No status updates. No sitting far apart. Sit together. Hold hands. Just as you can make TV interactive when watching with the whole family, you can do the same when its just you and your spouse. Its also a great time to snuggle and get closer while doing something so routine as watching TV or a movie. Review Your Life Together Youve spent a lot of years together and there are many more to come. Take some time to review your life together. Pull out old photo albums and take a look at your first pictures together. Look at where all youve been over the years together as a couple and keep flipping those pages until you reach your most recent photos together as a family. Get Away Together Pack your suitcase and get away for the night, weekend, or a week-long trip. A romantic getaway recharges you both and gives you some quality time outside of your familiar walls. If your budget is tight, opt for a one-night excursion and place your bid on a local hotel through Priceline. If your low bid doesnt win any of the hotels in the star rating you choose, you dont pay. Give it a try for a low-cost getaway thats right around the corner from your home. Renew Your Vows Looking for something to do together thats a little more elaborate? Renew your vows in front of friends and family or have a private ceremony in your living room. Renewing your vows is a great reminder of the bond you two have with each other and its also a fun way to incorporate your kids into your vow renewal ceremony. A Word From Verywell Every day is a celebration of your marriage and family. Celebrate those moments. Mark your calendar to celebrate your first date, the date you got engaged and, of course, your wedding. But also be sure to celebrate other life moments. If your spouse gets a promotion, cook a special meal to celebrate. If you pass your annual exam with flying colors, enjoy an evening out together. We often sweep these regular life moments under the rug but celebrating them as they happen is another way to celebrate you, your spouse, your family, and the life you have together.

Employment Discrimination Essay example - 1796 Words

Employment Discrimination Discrimination is a very hard barrier to break. To discriminate means to distinguish between one another; to make a difference in treatment or favor on the basis other then individual merit. Everyone at some point in their life experiences some form of discrimination that might be on the basis of their race, religion, age, or sex. Discrimination can be examined from many different angles. Because of this, I have decided to discuss one type of discrimination, which is employment discrimination. Throughout this paper I will attempt to answer several questions. Such questions are what is employment discrimination and whom does it effect? What could one do if find that they are a victim of discrimination?†¦show more content†¦Another example of this would be if the employer withheld an employee from achieving a promotion because of their age, sex, race, or whatever the case may be. Most cases of employment discrimination follow the sly and tricky form of unfair treatment . (The 2nd form). The law prohibits any discrimination against any person who is applying for a job and or any employee who is currently working for a company. Title V11 of the Civil Rights act of 1964 fights against employment discrimination. Title V11 doesnt allow for employment decisions to be made on the basis of stereotypes and or the assumptions about a persons abilities, performance and traits because of their race, age, sex, religion, etc. It also puts a stop to intentional discrimination and certain job polices that may exclude certain groups of people from achieving different positions that may otherwise be eligible to other groups. The question now one should ask is, How does one prove discrimination? To prove that discrimination has happened one must have a job where their job performance meets satisfactory standards. If one has a satisfactory performance and is fired or mistreated then it is believed that these actions occurred because of reasons other then job r elated. In a case in which a new employee (one who may still be on probation) is terminated may have a hard time trying to prove his/her termination was on the basis of discrimination because he/she doesnt have anShow MoreRelatedEmployment Discrimination And The Employment Essay2596 Words   |  11 Pagesimplications of employment discrimination and the correlation to employment inequality. The unemployment rate for women and minorities is significantly higher than that of the caucasian male majority. Women are faced with obstacles that men are not. Women have to overcome gender stereotypes, child care responsibilities, and sexual harassment as obstacles, Minorities face negative stereotypes and generalizations that make them less desirable to employers. Employment discrimination is responsible forRead MoreAppearance Discrimination in Employment22039 Words   |  89 PagesAppearance discrimination in employment: Legal and ethical implications of â€Å"lookism† and â€Å"lookphobia † [pic] http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=2040-7149volume=32issue=1articleid=17077304show=html Downloads: The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1519 times since 2013 DOI (Permanent URL):  10.1108/02610151311305632 [pic]  Abstract [pic]  View PDF  (200kb) [pic]  Print View References †¢ References (67) Citations †¢ CrossRef (1) Further reading Read MoreDiscrimination in Employment Essay1803 Words   |  8 Pages Discrimination in Employment Equal Pay Act passed in 1970. This implemented the European principle of Equal pay contained in Treaty of Rome Article 119 (now 141) and sets out a broad definition of pay. Although the EPA is limited in application in that the comparison is between a man and a woman presently employed by the same employer, Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome which requires equal pay for identical work between the sexes confers a similar right to every Read MoreAge Discrimination and Employment1126 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Introduction Age discrimination occurs when one particular age group is treated differently to another age group on the grounds of chronological age. A less favorable treatment can occur, for example when a person is refused medical treatment because they are deemed too old. Also, it can manifest through the assumption that older people have a decline in their intellect due to their age, and a decline in their cognitive and physical performance. Individuals regardless of age should notRead MoreEmployment Discrimination And Its Significance1190 Words   |  5 PagesEmployment Discrimination and Its Significance in Canada. A majority of immigrants encounter employment disadvantage or discrimination, compared to native-born Canadians. It’s difficult to obtain suitable employment, so immigrant skills are underutilized, earning less income than native-born Canadians (Oreopoulos, 2011; Reitz et al., 2014). It is asserted that discrimination in employment is an act which negatively affects the employment situation of individuals because of membership in a groupRead MoreEssay on Employment Discrimination933 Words   |  4 PagesEmployment Discrimination laws seek to prevent discrimination based on race, sex, religion, national origin, physical disability, and age by employers. There is also a growing body of law preventing or occasionally justifying employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. Discriminatory practices include bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, compensation, and various types of harassment. The main body of employment discrimination laws is composed of federal and state statutesRead MoreThe Ideas Of Discrimination And Employment Problems1596 Words   |  7 Pagespaper are the ideas of discrimination and employment problems people with disabilities in India face. The definition of discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex. The reason I felt these two topics were important is because they go hand in hand; you can be easily discriminated against while trying to find a job based on skin color, gender, etc. First, I will discuss the problem with discrimination and women in India. SecondlyRead MoreGender Discrimination And Equal Employment Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesGender Discrimination and Equal Employment Introduction Discrimination has existed since the beginning of time. Often time people discriminate upon individuals unintentionally, because of certain stereotypes that have associated with race, gender, and religion. The First Amendment of the United States gives each individual the freedom of not only religion, but expression, and speech. Yet, despite the many historic and recent efforts gender discrimination and inequality is still a major issue inRead MoreEmployment Discrimination Within The Workplace1079 Words   |  5 PagesEmployment Discrimination in Indonesia As stated on wikipedia.org, discrimination is action that denies social participation or human rights to categories of people based on prejudice. This includes treatment of an individual or group based on their actual or perceived membership in a certain group or social category, in a way that is worse than the way people are usually treated. This could be done directly or indirectly. Direct discrimination could arise from punishments and indirect discriminationRead MoreFemale Employment And Gender Discrimination2044 Words   |  9 Pages What is female employment and what are the reasons of gender discrimination in China? II. Female employment and gender discrimination Today, employment discrimination in society everywhere. From age discrimination, education discrimination, gender discrimination, residence discrimination, physical discrimination, health discrimination, discrimination in marriage and childbearing, to dialect discrimination, blood type discrimination, wages, employment status and even under the career choices of

The Physics Of The Optical Brain - 977 Words

The Optical Brain Did you know about 40% or more of the human brain is thought to involve vision? The brain controls the vision system and without it, seeing is impossible. Even though the eyes is the only tool the body has for seeing the world, vision is not always accurate. Accuracy has nothing to do with the eye itself but how the brain interoperates perception. Examining inside the tiny window of a living eye help us to fully understand the many parts of an eye, and how it functions. Museum of Vision describes how light enters the eye when it bounces off an object creates an image. Only a small amount of image can be seen because the eye has only a tiny window opening. But with the ability to move the eyes, it gives the mind a broader picture. The eyes picks up on the highlighted edges of an object. The light continues to pass through the pupil, making it dilate and the image more focused. Moving towards the back of the eye, a layer that contains cells sensitive to light is called the retina. Cones and rods are cells that sit on the retinas outer layer and absorb distinct bundles of energy. Cones help one perceive color and detail, while rods show black, lights, and whites. Colors make the distinguishing differences in objects when lighting is not enough for the brain. The use of shadows gives one the ability to see 3D.The retina takes that image and makes it appear upside-down and backwards. These lighted cells flip, process the image, and send the information throughShow MoreRelatedPhysics Assignment : Medical Imaging1672 Words   |  7 PagesKathleen Anne Maguire 1/12/2016 Physics Assignment Medical Imaging MDPMS 1. Sound is travelling from material 1 to material 2. The density of material 1 id 25 kg ms-3 and the density of material 2 is 18 kg m-3. The speed of sound in material 1 is 1900 ms-1 and in material 2 is 18 kg m-3. The speed of sound in material 1 is 1900 ms-1 and in material 2 it is 700 ms-1. The acoustic impedance of each material Z= pV Acoustic impedance (Z) Density is (p) Acoustic Velocity (V) ForRead MoreTaking a Look at Mantis Shrimp950 Words   |  4 Pagesapplications of mantis shrimp vision; we must first understand how the eyes of the mantis shrimp work. The compound eye of the mantis shrimp is made up of many ommatidia; â€Å"an ommatidium is like a simple but complete photoreceptor organ consisting of optical components and receptor cells† Most research suggests that the vision experienced by the mantis shrimp is due to three distinct regions in its eye; there is an upper and lower hemisphere separated by the midband; these regions are made of distinctRead MoreScience of Toys669 Words   |  3 Pagesand gyroscopes. A number of optical toys was developed in the early 19th century and it is used as spinning to create moving pictures. One of these is the zoetrope invented in 1834. 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The development of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) LASER’s has revolutionised medical practices and will continue to in the future. One of the CO2 LASER’s functions is for crucial surgery, such as heart or brain procedures as it allows the surgeon to practice preciseness. The complexity and advanced design the LASER allows for the efficient and productive use. Furthermore, this specific type of LASER has evolved over the years and is predicted to continueRead MoreCognitive Psychology Definition Paper1387 Words   |  6 Pagesanthropology, biology, linguistics, neuroscience, and physics (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). 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Everything that humans experience is accessed through one or more of the fiveRead MoreThe Eye Is An Extension Of The Human Body2117 Words   |  9 PagesTitle Introduction The eye is one of the most complex parts of the human body. It is so complex and full of nerves, that it can be considered an extension of the brain. That is why, even nowadays, it is still extremely difficult to design a prosthetic that could completely substitute its functions. It is clear then, that the main goal of visual prosthesis is to restore vision in blind individuals, providing stable, safe and long-lasting devices, in parallel with improvement of quality of life, meaningRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Psychology And Psychology1154 Words   |  5 Pages linguistics, biology, physics, and anthropology. Cognitive psychologists are interested in how people understand, diagnose, and solve problems, concerning themselves with the mental processes which mediate between stimulus and response. Recently, cultural and social factors have also become apart of cognitive psychology along with emotion and consciousness. There are many areas of cognitive psychology that I believe strengthen our understanding of our bodies and brains. The three main approachesRead More Physics of Semiconductors Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesSemiconductors can be elements such as Germanium, Zinc, and Silicon, or compounds. Also, some semiconductor materials can be intrinsic (pure semiconductors) or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor is normally used in conjunction with thermal or optical excitement to raise electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. An extrinsic semiconductor is formed by doping the intrinsic semiconductor material with a VERY small number of impurity atoms. Doping takes an intrinsic semiconductor

Two Ways to Belong Free Essays

Two Ways to Belong in America Tiffany Detter PRPE 108 October 3, 2012 Caparas Mukherjee states, â€Å"In one family, from two sisters alike as peas in a pod, there could not be a wider divergence of immigrant experience. † (p. 282). We will write a custom essay sample on Two Ways to Belong or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bharati Mukherjee was born and raised in Calcutta, India and immigrated to the United States in 1961 to earn an M. F. A. and a Ph. D. in literature. In â€Å"Two Ways to Belong in America,† Mukherjee addresses the issues that confront immigrants in America. In this passage we see how two of the same people can suddenly feel or experience the same thing in two different ways. Mira and Bharati immigrants from Calcutta have lived in the United States for some 35 years. The Mukherjee sisters find themselves on different sides in the current debate over the status of immigrants. Bharati is an American citizen and Mira is not. When the Mukherjee sisters moved from India they were almost identical in appearance and attitude. Their original plan was to endure two years in America, secure their degrees, then return to India to marry the grooms of their fathers choosing. However, Mira ended up marrying an Indian student and acquired the labor certifications necessary for the green card. Mira lives in Detroit, is nationally recognized for her involvement in the fields of pre-school education and parent-teacher relationships. After 36 years as a legal immigrant she clings passionately to her Indian citizenship and has hopes to return to India when she retires. Bharati married an American of Canadian parentage. She was able to bypass the labor-certification requirements and the race-related â€Å"quota† system. The Mukherjee sisters have remained sisterly close by phone. They probably pitied one another. Mira, for the lack of structure in Bharati’s life, the erasure of Indianness, the absence of an unvarying daily core. Bharati, for the narrowness of Mira’s perspective, her uninvolvement with the mythic depths or the superficial pop culture of this society. Mira feels manipulated and discarded. She believes its such an unfair way to treat a person who was invited to stay and work. Mira’s employer went to I. N. S. and petitioned for the labor certification. She believes that if America wants to make rules curtailing benefits of legal immigrants they should only apply to immigrants who arrive after the rules are in place. Mira’s voice is not just the voice of the South Asian community but of an immigrant community of the millions who have stayed rooted in one job, one city, one house, one ancestral culture, one cuisine, for the entirety of their productive years. Nearly 20 years prior Bharati was living in her husbands ancestral homeland of Canada where she too was always well-employed but never allowed to truly feel part of the Canadian society. Through a green paper that invited a national referendum on the unwanted side effects of â€Å"nontraditional† immigration, the government officially turned against its immigrant communities, particularly those from South Asia. Bharati was able to feel the same feeling Mira currently has and will never be able to forget the pain of that sudden turn. A sense of betrayal had its desired effects and drove Bharati and thousands others from the country. Although the Mukerjee sisters differ, Mira being happier to live in America as expatriate Indian than as an immigrant American and Bharati have the need to feel like a part of the community in which she has adopted. The price that the immigrant pays is the trauma of self-transformation. My sister and I came to face similar hardships as the Mukerjee sisters only in a different way. There is one thing in life all kids eventually have to endure, that is unless you are home schooled. This place can be the most evil place or it can be fun and exciting. No matter what your outlook on this place is, you will have to go. We call this place HIGH SCHOOL!. It is the place of peer pressure, cliques, different classes and TONS of students roaming the hallways. My sister, Brittany, and I went through this process, and that’s where the most evil thing happened. This is when our close relationship was turned upside down. Brittany was â€Å"cool† and â€Å"popular†. How could she not be? She had the looks, long blonde hair, super model figure, and a dark tint to her skin. Plus she was a cheerleader. Everyone loved the cheerleaders, or so it seemed. I on the other hand was know as â€Å"the brain† or even sometimes â€Å"nerd†. I had to everything to make it through those four dreadful years, only problem was everything was all up in my head and not in the looks. When we entered high school we promised each other that nothing would split us up. We ALWAYS did everything together. BOY WAS THAT A JOKE! This promise was soon to be broken. I wasn’t considered â€Å"cool† enough to hang out with Brittany and her â€Å"posse†. No one wanted the little sister around or even the â€Å"nerd† to be interfering. Brittany even asked one day at home, â€Å"Why do you HAVE to hang out with me don’t you have your own friends? † So we parted our separate ways. I made friends and Brittany stuck to her group. We were still very close at home when it came to being around family but we were never caught around each other if her friends were around. It wasn’t until Brittany had graduated high school that some of her friends realized that I was more than just â€Å"the brain. † It was as if they had opened up their eyes and realized that I was actually pretty cool in my own way. I had all the quirks and qualities Brittany had except I had none of the drama. It took them constantly asking about Brittany in order for them to realize this fact though. Although I had learned how to cope on my own through high school, Brittany and I still kept our close connection behind closed doors. Just like the Mukerjee sisters, Brittany and I â€Å"have stayed sisterly close† (p. 281). We speak on the phone just about every week mostly about our families and children, and when we are with family we are always together. Brittany has showed me how to spice up my wardrobe as I have helped her learn to memorize and maintain her professional job as a nurse. Even though you may experience one thing two different ways you will always know how it feels when met with a situation that another is going through. How to cite Two Ways to Belong, Essay examples

Tobacco Stuff Essay Example For Students

Tobacco Stuff Essay The Tobacco Issue: Where the Responsibility Lies Political-Legal Issues: The legal and political issues surrounding the tobacco industry include whether or not tobacco companies should be held liable for tobacco-related deaths of smokers and those related to second-hand smoke, as well as whether or not elected officials should be accepting money from the tobacco industry in order to win elections. When deciding where the responsibility lies in the case of tobacco, the facts can be turned to favor either side on the issue. However, the tobacco industry has followed the governments guidelines, since guidelines have been established, while the government seems to want to place blame for peoples habits on the manufacturers of products that people choose to use. Tobacco Litigation: The first issue to examine is the issue surrounding the use of the judicial system in finding responsibility for the epidemic surrounding the tobacco industry. The tobacco industry is the defendant in the majority of cases brought before the judiciary and, historically, the We will write a custom essay on Tobacco Stuff specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now majority of the cases have been decided in favor of the industry. In a landmark case in 1988, the tobacco industry won a huge victory against Rose Cipollone. Ms. Cipollone died a horribly painful death from cancer. The defendant in the case was Philip Morris. Philip Morris council argued that it was the womans choice to smoke. This woman had even testified that she had gone to church every Sunday to pray that she would not get lung cancer. She knew the risks involved with smoking and chose to continue smoking. Philip Morris won the case. (Byrne, 189-190). For years the tobacco industry won case after case involving cancer victims that had smoked. Even today, much of the litigation by smokers has been decided in favor of the industry. In July of 1999 the Louisiana District Court, 19th District decided the case of Robert Gilboy et al. V. The American Tobacco Co. , et al. in favor of the defense. The jury was not convinced that 45 years of smoking had caused Mr. Gilboys lung cancer. In the case of the Estate of Burl Butler, et al. V. Philip Morris, Inc. , et al. , the Jones County, Mississippi Circuit Court, 2nd District jury found the tobacco industry defendants not liable for the alleged second-hand smoke related wrongful death of Mr. Butler. This case was decided in June of 1999. An important win for the defense was gained in Kansas City, Missouri in May of 1999. The case of Michelle Steele et al. V. Brown and Williamson Corp. was decided in U. S. District Court in Kansas City. The trial was the result of a wrongful death suit brought by the children of Charles Steele. The children were suing the tobacco company for their fathers death by lung cancer at age 56. Mr. Steele had smoked cigarettes for years. The outcome in this trial is not as important as the comments made by the jury foreman in the case. Mr. White, the jury foreman, was quoted as saying that Mr. Steele knew what he was doing. He knew that cigarettes were bad for him, but that they gave him pleasure. He decided that the pleasure outweighed the dangers. (Trials, 1-3). While there have been some significant victories for the defense, there have been several recent verdicts from the judicial system in favor of the plaintiffs. The tobacco industry has already paid out billions of dollars in settlements over the past several years. In an April 1999 case, Charles Connor V. Lorillard et al. a six-person jury found in favor of the plaintiff for liability in the death of a former Kent smoker. The jury awarded $2 million in punitive damages and $225,000 in compensatory damages to Mr. Connor. The case was decided in a Baltimore, Maryland City Circuit Court. In March of 1999, Philip Morris suffered a loss in the case of Joann Williams-Branch v. Philip Morris, Inc. A Portland, Oregon jury ruled that the company was liable for the death of Jesse Williams and awarded $81 million to the plaintiff. This was not the first loss for Philip Morris. In an earlier case, decided on February 9, 1999 by the Superior Court of California, San Francisco, Henley v. Philip Morris, Inc. , et al. , the jury awarded $50 million in punitive and $1. 5 million in compensatory damages to a smoker with lung cancer. The suit was brought on behalf of an older woman that was dying of lung cancer. She had smoked Marlboro brand cigarettes for most of her life. The jury found Philip Morris liable for product defect, failure to warn, negligence, fraud, false promise, express warranty, and conspiracy. The trial judge reduced the punitive damages to $25 million, but the total award was still $26. million for a person making a conscious decision to smoke cigarettes despite warnings that they are bad for a persons health. (Trials, 1-6). The U. S. Government Legislative Branch: While the main issue before the judicial system is liability, the legislative branch of the U. S. government has also been heavily involved in the tobacco issue throughout history. This brings the issue of regulations to the forefront in this matter. Since the first major restrictions, the 1965 Labeling Act requiring warning labels on all cigarette packages, there has been a steady stream of legislation concerning the tobacco industry. In 1990, a federal law went into effect to permanently ban smoking on all flights within the continental U. S. , as well as flights between the continental U. S. and Puerto Rico or the U. S. Virgin Islands. This law covered flights of less than six hours that originated or terminated in Alaska or Hawaii, in addition to the flights within the continental U. S. In 1992, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) approved a resolution to urge restriction of smoking on all international flights. This led to the implementation of a complete smoking ban on any and all flights by July 1, 1996. (Involuntary Smoking, 1-2). The following list, taken from the American Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Multistate Master Settlement Agreement of November, 1998, is just a smattering of the extensive legislation that has involved the tobacco industry over the years. This list is not all-inclusive and does not begin to tell the story of government interdiction into private industry: There are 46 states, including the District of Columbia, that restrict smoking in public places, the most extensive of the clean indoor air laws to include restaurants and private workplaces (20 states). Forty-one states have laws that restrict smoking in state government worksites. All 50 states restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors. Twenty-three of the states may suspend or revoke a retail tobacco product license for violation of youth access laws. Twenty-two states restrict the distribution of free samples of tobacco products. Twenty-four states restrict the sale of tobacco products in vending machines. Forty-six states require licensing of anyone selling tobacco products. The multi-state Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) of 1999 requires the discontinuation of certain types of outdoor advertising, most notably billboards. The MSA also prohibits the use of cartoons by participating manufacturers in advertising, promotion, packaging, or labeling of any tobacco products. All 50 states have an excise tax on cigarettes. Forty-two of these also have excise taxes on smokeless tobacco products. Thirty states have preemption provisions in their tobacco control laws, which means that localities cannot implement any more restrictive laws than the state has mandated. The above listing only touches the surface of tobacco legislation. The laws have become very restrictive of the tobacco industry. However, it was not always this way. In 1933, the legislature actually passed laws that protected the industry. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 allowed the legislature to implement marketing quotas and price supports for tobacco farmers. These quotas and price supports effectively raised the farm-level price of tobacco. This led to slightly increased prices for tobacco products to consumers, which served to lower the consumption of tobacco products. It also allowed U. S. tobacco manufacturers to remain competitive in the world market for tobacco. Under the tobacco program, marketing quotas were set each year and were very successful in yielding higher prices for U. S. tobacco on both the U. S. and world markets. (Snell, 1). The current legislative situation has changed dramatically from this law. There are currently over 50 bills pending in the House of Representatives and the Senate concerning tobacco in some way, the vast majority of which are for further restrictions being placed on the tobacco industry. This tremendous activity helps to explain why the executive branch of the U. S. government has also thrown its considerable resources against the tobacco industry by filing suit in the federal courts against the industry giants. The U. S. Government The Federal Suit: The U. S. government, through the Department of Justice, filed a civil lawsuit against the major tobacco manufacturers for recovery of healthcare costs associated with the use of tobacco products. The government is attempting to recover billions of dollars the federal government spends yearly on smoking-related healthcare costs. The government alleges that the cigarette companies have conspired since the 1950s to defraud and mislead the public and to conceal information about the effects of smoking. The governments suit relies on three federal statutes, including the Medical Care Recovery Act, the Medicare Secondary Payer Act, and the civil provisions of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute. The government alleges that the RICO statutes apply to the cigarette companies because they have been defrauding the public by releasing misleading research, falsifying documents, and failing to warn consumers of research the companies conducted that confirmed that cigarettes were hazardous to health. The federal governments suit is similar to the ones filed by the states, which resulted in more than $200 billion in a settlement paid to the states, but focuses on the costs incurred through the Medicare program, which is solely funded by the federal government. The government allegedly spends over $20 billion per year to treat smoking-related diseases. (DOJ, 1-3). The governments lawsuit alleges a substantial cost to American taxpayers for the care of millions of Americans who smoked and incurred alleged smoke-related illnesses. The cost to the taxpayer is the central issue in the case. The cost the government reports is not the true cost when scrutinized in its entirety. Cigarette smoking actually results in a net gain for the government. The government spends more money treating nonsmokers, since they live much longer than smokers do. Also, since the government profits from excessive tax revenues received from smokers and tobacco companies, the government has greatly benefited from the tobacco industry. (Barr, 6). To put the issue into perspective, figures are available for just three counties in northeastern North Carolina that show just a small amount of the exorbitant revenues the government collects from the tobacco industry. These three counties are not even located within the heart of tobacco country. However, they generate over $287. 4 million in excise and sales taxes for the state and federal government each year. Each acre of tobacco results in $21,616 in federal excise taxes per year. (Coltrain, 1). These figures do not include the subsequent sales tax levied on the purchase of a pack of cigarettes, effectively taxing the tax on a product. The governments claim that smoking costs taxpayers money is unfounded. The government is making a net profit each year from the tobacco industry. The governments case is also hindered by the 1947 ruling by the U. S. Supreme Court that the federal government cannot recover medical damages from private companies without statutory authorization from Congress. The governments suit is simply an act of extortion, hoping the cigarette companies will settle the case out of court as they did with the states cases earlier. When the tobacco industry settled the cases with the states, despite a string of victories in the courts, the precedent was set that the industry would rather settle than fight. The government has targeted this industry in the hopes that the industry will again cave in from the outside pressure of public opinion. (Barr, 7). This leads to the question of, why stop with the tobacco industry? The government could easily target other sectors of private industry. The alcohol industry is a prime target. There are over 105,000 deaths in the U. S. from alcohol-related causes. This is only 260,000 less than tobacco-related deaths per year. Columbia, 1). The cost to society is estimated at around $50 billion per year. In spite of the statistics revealed concerning alcohol-related death, drinking and driving remains commonplace in the U. S. There has been inadequate attention given to the problem, since law enforcement and the judicial system have been completely ineffective in deterring drunken driving incidents. Despite these facts, the alcohol industry has increased its marketing spending in order to increase the consumption of alcohol. Most of this advertising has been focused on the young male (the same allegation levied against the cigarette industry. Lucas, 1). These facts mirror the allegations the government has made against the tobacco industry. The major difference between the two industries is the fact that youth smoking is not illegal, but drinking underage is illegal in all states. The government is blaming the tobacco industry for youth smoking, yet a child can smoke a cigarette right in front of a policeman without fear of punishment. The only practice made illegal by the government is the sale of tobacco to minors. The sale of liquor to minors is also illegal, but the consumption of alcohol by a minor i s also illegal. Kids cannot drink liquor in front of a policeman without fear. The amount of money spent, annually, on alcohol related illnesses is not known, but it has to be substantial. Even so, the government has not tightened restrictions on the alcohol industry nor has it filed suit to recover any of these costs. The case is misleading. The government is suing the tobacco industry for the misuse of a lawfully manufactured product that is not defective in any way. The government alleges the industry misled the public and withheld information that would be detrimental to the sale of its product. However, the government is setting a very dangerous precedent with this case. The government is to encourage free enterprise and also set forth the ideals of freedom and self-responsibility. Holding a manufacturer liable for the misuse of a lawfully manufactured product is unreasonable. (Barr, 8-9) The cigarette manufacturers have complied with every restriction the government has placed on the industry, including warning labels and non-advertising campaigns, as well as awareness campaigns concerning the dangers associated with smoking. The government is now attempting to extort money from the industry on top of the windfall the government already receives each year. Tobacco as a Campaign Issue: This leads to the issue of accepting tobacco donations to campaign funds. Recent tobacco legislation has been thwarted in the Senate. Some say it is because of money from tobacco companies for certain candidates. However, the facts show that the tobacco industry contributes to a majority of the legislature, and the individual amounts of these contributions do not coincide with votes regarding tobacco issues. .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca , .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca .postImageUrl , .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca , .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca:hover , .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca:visited , .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca:active { border:0!important; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca:active , .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd100bdb83ed5bdc4389a042c18aafca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Family Structure Sample EssayAs evidenced in exhibit 1, the Senate held a vote on June 17, 1998, at which opponents to the tobacco industry lost an important vote to push legislation through concerning the tobacco industry. The Senate needed 60 votes to limit debate and force a vote on the tobacco legislation. Exhibit 1 represents tobacco PAC and individual contributions to Senators for the last three election cycles (1993-98). The average total for the 42 Senators who voted against limiting debate (in favor of the tobacco industry) was $25,748. The average total for the 57 Senators who voted for limiting debate, however, was still $7,986. The exhibit shows that both proponents and opponents of the tobacco industry willingly accept campaign contributions from the industry and from friends of the industry. The second issue is the use of huge tobacco litigation wins being used to bolster someone into a political office. The Democratic Party had hoped to capitalize on some large victories over the tobacco industry in last years major attorneys general class action lawsuit against the leading tobacco manufacturers to win gubernatorial seats in major states. Two of the most outspoken opponents of the tobacco industry, attorneys general Hubert H. Humphrey III and Scott Harshbarger, ran for governor in their respective states of Minnesota and Massachusetts. Both of them are democrats and were instrumental in negotiating large settlements with the tobacco industry for their respective states. However, both lost their bids, Humphrey finishing a distant third behind Reform Party candidate Jesse Ventura and his Republican opponent, Norm Coleman in Minnesota. Both used the tobacco issue as a major part of his campaign platform. There were several other potential candidates that lost major elections where the tobacco issue was heavily focused on in their platforms. (Torry Schwartz, A02). Most agree that the issue had become impotent since the Senate Republicans had voted to kill the national tobacco bill last June and too much time had passed. Also, the industry made a concerted effort, through advertising campaigns, to paint the Democrats as candidates in favor of higher taxes. There was at least one election where the tobacco issue was used to defeat an opponent. In Massachusetts, Acting Governor Paul Cellucci accused Harshbarger of being a taxer and spender because he supported a large tobacco tax, which was already in effect that funds Medicaid coverage for about 100,000 residents. Since Harshbarger ended up defending the tax, the campaign paid off for Governor Cellucci and he won reelection. The reason this tactic worked was not the tobacco issue itself, but the underlying elements in a candidates platform. The use of a victory over the tobacco industry has not been effective in winning an election, at least not yet. Torry Schwartz, A02). Philip Morris: In a recent article in Business Week, written by John A. Byrne, an in-depth view of the worlds largest tobacco manufacturing company shows the full scope of the tobacco issue. Philip Morris is one of the most reviled companies in the U. S. , however the company continues to be one of the worlds most generous corporations. The company contributes over $60 million in cash and $15 million in food to fight hunger, domestic violence, and to support the arts. Employees of the company contribute over $5 million a year to various charities. But, the company fights an uphill battle, even when it comes to charitable contributions. Recently, the company awarded a $4. 3 million grant to the National 4-H Council but activists were quick to mount a lobbying effort to get state groups to reject the grants, alleging that Philip Morris generosity was little more than a public relations stunt to drum up new support for the ailing industry. More than half of the agencies have since turned down the funding. The company has been attempting to cut down on youth smoking by implementing forward-thinking campaigns against youth smoking. Philip Morris has ended cigarette sampling, mail distribution of cigarettes, vending-machine sales, and mass-transit and outdoor advertising. The company has spent money and time to train more than 30,000 retailers on how to recognize face I. D. s and upped its investment in youth smoking-prevention programs to $100 million. This does nothing for the publics image of the tobacco firm and the stock has shown this disdain. In the words of the current Chairman and Chief Operating Officer, Geoffrey C. Bible, the company has become the dog of the Dow, whose stock has dropped off $83. 2 billion in value over the past several years. All of this has forced the company to expand its overseas markets in order to survive in the corporate world. The main incentives to overseas marketing and capitalization are the fact that there are more tolerant nonsmokers abroad and the opposition is less organized, but the most important reason to move is the fact that overseas consumers are less litigious than in the U. S. But, the company plans responsibility in the overseas markets. The company now has 83 youth prevention programs in 55 countries in order to prevent attack on the industry. (Byrne, 176-192). The bottom line in the debate over the tobacco industry is responsibility. This is a question that each person must answer for themselves, but the law is on the side of the tobacco firms and the political climate, though changing rapidly, must take into account the ramifications of regulations that are too stiff on an independent, legal industry before passing judgment. Tobacco is dangerous. No one disputes this claim any longer. However, the responsibility must remain with the individual. The state cannot hold an industry responsible for the misuse of a product. Tobacco is a risky product. Beer is a risky product. There are foods. that are risky products. I think that adults are wise enough to make decisions about those things. I am concerned about a society that might restrict or restrain those choices. You know, today its tobacco. Tomorrow, maybe its beer. The next day, it might be hot dogs. I think Im capable of deciding whether or not I want to eat a hot dog. This quote is from Robert A. Eckert, Chief Executive Officer of Kraft Foods, Inc. (Byrne, 184) and vividly illustrates the slippery-slope possibilities surrounding more and more legislation of the tobacco industry. Economic Issues Since the 1930s, the United States government has strictly regulated the tobacco industry. However, the last few decades have shown the most drastic regulations including the regulation of sale as well as advertising of tobacco in this country. The ultimate intention of the government is to reduce the amount of tobacco consumed by consumers in this country in order to provide healthier lives for the American population. The tobacco industry has seen the consumption of its products rise worldwide. It has grown in about 100 countries and takes in more than $275 billion in sales with about 1. 5 percent growth per year. These numbers are in spite of a 2 percent decrease in the 1. million smokers, which accounts for over one quarter of the worlds population, over the last decade (Hoovers). One may wonder how this is possible. One reason is that some government restrictions actually work in the tobacco companies favor. Since the tobacco companies are not allowed to spend virtually any money on marketing domestically, they have more money to spend on marketing overseas, where its markets continue to grow due to the prestige of the American blend cigarettes. This rise in tobacco use accompanies the rise of disposable income in these markets, where regulation and demonization have not had an impact yet (Masters, 87). China consumes about 30 percent of all cigarettes produced, more than any other country. The China National Tobacco Corporation also leads the world in tobacco and cigarette production. The U. S. only accounts for about 10 percent, but the industry takes in about $45 billion yearly. This comes out to the average smoker spending more than $260 per year on tobacco products. Sales in the industry have also shown an increase in the past decade from just over $200 billion to well over $260 billion (Hoovers). The U. S. obacco industry is extremely profitable because of the oligopoly the companies have, which makes entry into the market extremely difficult. The level of sales needed to justify the enormous legal cost associated with this controversial market also makes market entry difficult for new companies. Although tobacco companies profit margin is about double that of any other packaged good, the substantial costs of packaged goods on a national scale, along with the money it takes to acquire facilities for production and distribution, are major barriers to entry in the tobacco industry (Hoovers). Higher selling prices and greater restrictions on where people are allowed to smoke have proven to be effective in lowering the consumption of tobacco. Another factor that has lowered consumption is Americas increased interest in healthy living, largely attributable to the baby boom generation. The older people get, the more they pay attention to what constitutes a healthy lifestyle. These factors have called for the increased government regulation of tobacco in its industry. The regulations the government has set forth however, have ironically made the tobacco companies more profitable. The U. S. and state governments are direct beneficiaries of these profits receiving $11. 9 billion from excise taxes in 1993 (Coltrain). Tobacco, in this aspect, can be argued that it is a great economical asset to our governments. In 1998, a $206 billion agreement was reached between tobacco producers and 46 states to resolve all state claims for health costs related to smoking, which has forced the tobacco companies to make changes (Melillo). Earlier this year, advertising on billboards, sides of buses, subways, and tops of taxis has come to a halt. Stadium advertising has also stopped and tobacco companies are only allowed one sponsorship per year per company. In addition to this agreement, President Clinton signed legislation in August of 1997 to reduce tobacco consumption even further. This legislation will increase the federal excise taxes (FET), on cigarettes to 34 cents per pack beginning on January 1, 2000. Taxes on other tobacco products will also increase accordingly. On January 1, 2002, the FET will increase again for all tobacco products with a 39 cents per pack increase for cigarettes. In addition to the federal taxes, states can also impose taxes on tobacco products. These taxes range from one dollar per pack to as low as 2. 5 cents per pack. 43 states impose sales tax on cigarettes. The USDA has estimated that the taxes on tobacco have caused the consumption of cigarettes to decline nearly 10 percent from 1990 to 1998. The reason consumption has declined is because of consumers demand elasticity. Demand elasticity is a measure of how responsive a market is to price changes. Since the tobacco market is elastic, an increase in price would cause a drop in consumption (Standard Poors). The $206 billion dollar settlement that was reached last year between the tobacco companies and the 46 states was a compact replacement of the first attempted deal. The cigarette makers agreed to give the states $358 billion over 25 years, plus $10 billion up front in lump-sum damages. The money would have come from raising cigarette prices by 35 cents per pack straight away and by 62 cents after five years, plus allowances for evaluation. The only people this deal would hurt would be the consumers. This plan failed because congressional leaders were not brought on board, and for the plan to work they had to agree to it. The bill was then recast as a company-bashing measure and the manufacturers backed out. This resulted in the $206 billion settlement, a multi-state deal that required no cooperation in Washington (Standard Poors). It would have been better for states to impose an explicit, well-designed tax with more marketing restrictions. Instead, the settlement allows each participating state to levy a tax on cigarettes sold anywhere in America. The states that do not take part will still pay the tax and will receive no share of the revenues, which is a strong incentive for states to sign on. The reasons the explicit, well-designed tax with more marketing restrictions was not imposed is because there would have been nothing in it for the lawyers. These taxes would have also required express legislative approval state by state, which the settlement was designed to get around, and because an explicit tax could only be levied by any particular state only on cigarettes sold within that state. In short, the lawyers have come up with the settlement so they can get a piece of the action (Economist). Agriculture The nations crop of leaf is grown by tobacco farmers, located mainly in the southeastern U. S. , and accounts for 502,210 jobs (Capehart). Their crop is usually sold at public auction to the highest bidder. Leaf prices are supported under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, which has been amended many times over the years but the programs basic components remain in place. U. S. tobacco growers are guaranteed minimum prices through price supports and this system has made U. S. grown tobacco more expensive than most non-U. S. tobacco, which results in a decline in exports (Standard Poors). The number of farms growing tobacco has declined rapidly during the last 40 years. From 1992 to 1997 farm numbers declined more than any other period since 1950. This trend toward fewer, larger farms will continue, but at what rate will depend on several factors such as the factors covered earlier: policies and programs affecting tobacco, U. S. and world consumption of tobacco, and alternative crop and off-farm income opportunities for tobacco growers (Foreman). Ethical Implications Ethics is the general nature of morals and the specific moral choices an individual makes in relating to others. Like most major issues, the tobacco issue poses some ethical questions that are difficult to answer. One factor that makes these ethical questions so difficult is that people generally search for the answer that pleases them the most. For example, if one were to ask a person who had developed lung cancer from smoking whether or not the big tobacco companies should be responsible for his or her disease, he or she would probably answer affirmatively. However, if someone were to ask a nonsmoker who should be responsible, he or she would probably answer that the individual himself is responsible. Some of the ethical issues that society is facing with the tobacco industry are: the placement of responsibility on the consumer or the producer, the question of whether the producers have to pay compensatory damages for smoking illnesses, the issue of involuntary smoking, selling in foreign markets and lastly the promotion of tobacco products. .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e , .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e .postImageUrl , .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e , .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e:hover , .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e:visited , .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e:active { border:0!important; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e:active , .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u997c4ef9623d4d7b3d0f5465e2f87b8e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John D. Rockelfeller was a rich man who made his f EssayTobacco use accounts for at least 29% of all cancer deaths, is a major cause of heart disease, and is associated with conditions ranging from colds and gastric ulcers to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cerebrovascular disease. On average, each cigarette pack sold costs Americans more than $3. 90 in smoking-related expenses. The fact is, when smokers purchase a pack of cigarettes at the store they know what they are buying! Like many other products that are sold today, they are dangerous to your health if used excessively. If it were to be decided that the tobacco companies were responsible for smoking related illnesses, it could open up a whole new view on product liability. Take the alcohol industry for example: drinking an excessive amount of alcoholic beverages has been proven to increase the chances of developing serious health problems. Should the alcohol manufacturers be responsible for this? The logical answer is no! There have been warnings posted on cigarette packs since 1966 informing the consumer of the carcinogenic contents of cigarettes and their harmful effects. Consumers of tobacco products understand that there are certain health risks involved in smoking. It is not a case of merely educating people about the risks of smoking. What it comes down to is personal freedom: people have the right to smoke. Accompanying any type of right or privilege are consequences and responsibilities. People make the conscious choice to smoke and must therefore accept the consequences of that choice. Smoking costs the United States approximately $97. 2 billion each year in health-care costs and lost productivity. The ethical question posed here is whether or not the government should be compensated for this cost. The U. S. Justice Department launched a multi-billion dollar lawsuit against the tobacco industry, accusing the worlds largest cigarette companies of conspiring to defraud and mislead the public for more than 40 years. The lawsuit, filed in Washington, seeks to recover the medical costs for treating smoking-related conditions paid by the federal government over the past six years as well as a potentially huge sum representing the disgorgement of ill-gotten gains dating back to the 1950s (Edgecliffe, 1). Critics of this lawsuit say that the case is not based on facts and that the government is merely trying to make a financial gain. They also point out that the government has been involved in almost every aspect of the tobacco industry and has already collected tens of billions of dollars in taxes on cigarette sales. The case brought on by the justice department is not the only threat against the big tobacco companies. There are also cases being filed by 46 U. S. states, individual sick smokers, and even class action lawsuits. If the case with the U. S. Justice Department was settled, it would prohibit punitive damages for all future legal claims against the tobacco industry, set an annual cap on the amount of compensatory damages allowable in all future legal cases against the industry, prohibit class-action lawsuits, third-party payer suits, and claims against industry attorneys, and legislatively settle all present and future claims of potential plaintiffs, including generations of future tobacco victims not yet born (Siegel, 15). Each of these rulings involves some ethical implications. By prohibiting punitive damages and putting a cap on the amount of compensatory damages, the Justice Department is addressing the fact that the tobacco manufacturers are not doing anything wrong in production of their products, but it allows for people to collect compensatory damages up to a certain limit when serious illnesses occur. When considering the ethical implications of smoking, one must look at everyone involved in the issue. Certainly, the consequences of tobacco use directly affect the user, who suffers the harm resulting from a conscious choice of using the substance. Just as significantly, passive inhalation has contributed to the declining health of non-users, who are exposed to this product (Otapski, 1). In 1993, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency declared that secondhand smoke is a human carcinogen. They estimate that about 3,000 nonsmoking adults die of lung cancer each year as a result of breathing the smoke of others cigarettes. Government regulations relating to smoking in public buildings were rare prior to the 1970s. Most of the regulations that were in effect were intended to promote safety through fire prevention. The number of regulations relating to second- hand smoke in public buildings has grown tremendously. These statutes, generally known as clean indoor air laws, extended public safety concerns by limiting the nonsmokers exposure to tobacco smoke in public establishments and private work places (Otapski, 2). Smokers and nonsmokers have conflicting interests in exercising their respective liberty in shared facilities. To completely ban cigarette smoking would be unjust to smokers; yet allowing people to use tobacco products in public buildings, even if it is segregated, infringes on the non-users rights. This is the ethical problem that concerns individual rights. Since the effects of secondhand smoke were discovered, most public places have banned cigarette smoking while others have divided the seating up into smoking and nonsmoking sections. Per capita consumption of cigarettes continues to decline in the U. S. Data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) shows that cigarette smoking among adults aged 18 and over declined 40% between 1965 and 1990. There was little to no change in smoking prevalence between 1990 and 1994, however. This has prompted the larger tobacco companies to use more aggressive marketing by expanding into foreign markets, hence increasing tobacco exports from about 2. 1 billion in 1986 to 5. 3 billion in 1996. The largest overseas markets for U. S. igarettes are Japan and Europe. Does the U. S. bear any responsibility for chasing tobacco overseas? Not if it is determined that people are responsible for their own choices; there is no way to justify that it is morally wrong for the companies like Phillip Morris and RJ Reynolds to be responsible for smoking related illnesses that occur overseas. The promotion of tobacco products is another area that has ethical implications. Critics of the tob acco companies suggest that the advertising for their tobacco products is geared toward the younger generation. This was especially true after the introduction of Joe Camel by RJ Reynolds. Before his introduction, Camel captured 1% of the teen market; now its 60% (Bangor, 12). In defense of the tobacco companies since most youth-oriented magazines have many more adult readers than youth readers, these studies cannot exclude the possibility that cigarette advertisements in these magazines may be targeting young adult readers age 18 to 24 rather than those younger than 18 years of age (King, 516). On August 23, 1996, President Clinton approved the FDA regulation which includes reducing easy access to tobacco by youth by: setting a minimum age of 18 with age verification, banning vending machines except where minors are not allowed, prohibiting the sale of single cigarettes, and prohibiting the distribution of free cigarette samples. The FDA has also created other regulations in order to reduce the appeal of tobacco products to children. There are numerous ethical implications when looking at the tobacco issue. The biggest issue is that of responsibility. The tobacco companies should not be held accountable for the illnesses that people incur from using tobacco products. There are many products on the market that can cause health problems if used in excess; cigarettes are not excluded. Since the consumer is responsible for his or her actions, the tobacco manufacturers should not be obligated to pay any compensatory or punitive damages on behalf of the tobacco user. Tobacco use in the U. S. is currently experiencing little or no growth. This is due partially to the more rigid regulations regarding advertising and to the fact that smoking is no longer allowed or has been constricted to a certain area in most public buildings. Since tobacco use is slowing down in the U. S. , the tobacco giants are focusing their efforts toward foreign markets. The responsibility should be lifted for tobacco companies who sell their products overseas, as long as they follow the same requirements that the FDA has implemented in the U. S. No matter what country, people are ultimately responsible for how they want to live their lives. If they choose to buy a pack of cigarettes and ignore the risks written on the package, that is their right! Everyone knows that smoking kills, the question is: is it worth it? Social Aspects of Tobacco Smoking The consumption of tobacco by smoking is quite an intriguing social phenomenon. Although there are opposing views as to whether or not substances found in the smoke, such as nicotine, are physically addictive, it is not difficult to see the social compulsion exerted on a large number of people. There are a number of ways in which we can observe some of the unique social aspects of smoking. One of the most interesting is that of the smokers bond. There exists, among a surprising number of smokers, an instant unspoken bond amongst them, strictly because they do smoke. A smoker who happens to be out of cigarettes can approach a total stranger on the street and ask for a cigarette, and it is not perceived by the general public as being particularly odd. It is hard to think of any other consumable good that forms this kind of bond amongst strangers. Another interesting observation is that of the cigarette as a prop, or as a tool. One might incorporate their smoking habit into their personal set of gestures and way of speaking, assimilating the habit into their personality so to speak. Additionally, smoking a cigarette can be used as a tool to pass the time, or to give the illusion of having an activity. If a person is standing on a street corner, just looking around and/or staring off into space, you might think What is that person doing? But if that same person were instead smoking a cigarette, now they have an activity: Oh, that person is stopping to have a smoke. These and other examples make a strong argument for tobacco smoking as a social addiction, perhaps even moreso than a physical addiction. Techniques employed by tobacco companies Tobacco companies do attempt to encourage consumption at the youngest legally allowed ages. Studies show that 80 to 90 percent of U. S. smokers took up the habit before age 20. (CQ Researcher) This however, is nothing more than strategic target-marketing, employed by makers of all sorts of products. If the law allows tobacco to be sold to eighteen year olds, then why would a company not try to aim their marketing in that direction? Some tactics criticized have included promotional items that seemingly appeal more to teen-agers than to adults. The complaint is that the items also appeal to those below the national smoking age limit of eighteen years of age. High schools have been known to ban students from wearing items such as T-shirts, jackets, and caps that bear the names of tobacco products. Curiously enough though, there are still high schools that allow some section of their student body (presumably those who are of age) to smoke in designated areas on campus, although this practice has diminished over the years. Most of the above issues pertain to smoking and its effects here in the United States of America. However, another perceived issue is that of our tobacco exports to foreign countries. Just like any other potentially hazardous substance, pesticides for example, there are opinions voice that there are moral implications connected to selling products overseas where the regulations may not be as strict. But again, as referenced in other substances cases, it is ultimately the responsibility of the importing country to know what they are taking on. In fact, it would make sense that our Unites States made cigarettes would be probably safer than cigarettes manufactured locally in the third world countries due to our stricter manufacturing standards and regulations. The climate towards smoking in the United States is probably at its most negative since the habit was introduced to our shores. Advertisements for smoking cessation programs and products flood the airwaves. The amount of information available to consumers is at an all-time high. Why then do people continue to smoke? It might have been easy in the past to implicate the tobacco companies for lack of information concerning the health risks, but that is hardly the case today. There have been increased requirements for warnings on the advertisements as well as the products themselves. Health information available via print, broadcast media, and especially the surge in popularity of the Internet all adds up to a wealth of information available. It is still the responsibility of the consumer to weigh his or her own personal pros and cons of using a product. It cannot ever be assumed that any product available for legal purchase on the open market does not carry any risk along with it. Conclusion Ultimately, tobacco use is a decision made by the individual. Although there are a number of factors that influence the consumer, it is ultimately that individuals conscious decision whether or not to engage in the activity, as well as to determine to what extent they will participate. Benjamin Franklin is often attributed as having endorsed the philosophy All things in moderation. It can be argued that a substance and its manufacturers are not simply evil just by existing. The concepts of use and abuse must be considered. Individuals who smoke a pack (~ 20 cigarettes) or more per day ought to ask themselves whether they are using or abusing the substance. Conversely, individuals who enjoy a cigarette or cigar only once in a while on special occasion might ask themselves if they are actually engaged in such a dangerous activity. There are steps that the government can take to help save people from themselves, but only if and when the majority of the people can agree that those steps are necessary. For example, there have been major increases in regulations over the course of the last 35 or so years, starting most notably with the 1965 Labeling Act. It is not fair to hold the tobacco companies responsible for tobacco-related deaths anymore than it is fair to hold the alcoholic beverage companies responsible for drunk-driving fatalities. Juries have demonstrated this multiple times over in our court system. Assuming that jury selection is fair, then it could be argued that this is representative of American popular opinion in the matter. In summary, when one takes the time to weigh the evidence, it becomes clear that the ultimate responsibility falls on the people as a whole to educate themselves and be enlightened with respect to what is or is not healthy. Although it is convenient to have a large, wealthy corporation to blame when things go wrong, ultimately people need to first learn to take advantage of the resources available to educate themselves about the products they consume, and then learn to take responsibility for their own choices and actions.